Evolución del proceso de diseño con la incorporación de funciones

Ponencia presentada en el VII Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería de Proyectos celebrada en Pamplona en el año 2003The aim of this communication is to provide knowledge regarding a new function: guiding the designer in what to do next in order to find a design solution in a more effective way. We expect this function to be included in computational design systems in future. Our hypothesis are based on experimental research with design teams. This research has been analysed with the design protocol technique to obtain the evolution of the FBS model, which considers functions, structures and behaviour of the design process. This research is also sustained on the revision of the state of the art of design process models and its discussion with our experimental results. As a result, we propose some preliminary approaches based on the cycles of divergence and convergence to guide the designer from the conceptual design phase.El objetivo de esta comunicación es aportar conocimiento sobre una nueva función, guiar al diseñador sobre qué hacer a continuación para alcanzar una solución de diseño más efectiva, que esperamos que en un futuro incorporen los sistemas computacionales de diseño. Como pilares básicos de nuestras hipótesis nos sustentamos en una investigación experimental con equipos de diseñadores, que ha sido analizada con la técnica del protocolo para obtener la evolución del modelo Function-Behaviour-Structure que considera las funciones, estructuras y comportamiento del proceso de diseño. Otro pilar de nuestra investigación es la revisión de los actuales modelos del proceso de diseño y la discusión de los mismos utilizando nuestros resultados experimentales. Como resultado final, y basándonos en ciclos de divergencia-convergencia, proponemos unas primeras pautas que permitan guiar al diseñador desde la fase de diseño conceptual

Experimental research on creative models

Ponencia presentada en el VI Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería de Proyectos celebrada en Barcelona en el año 2002In the area of computation, creative models are classified as combinational, exploratory and transformational creativity models according to the type of procedure used. In this paper, we present a series of contributions on the synthesis process to improve the development of computational models. These contributions were taken from an experimental analysis by applying a model for protocol analysis. The results obtained point to the advantages of considering the three types of computational model procedures simultaneously.En el ámbito computacional, los modelos creativos se dividen en modelos combinacionales, exploratorios y transformacionales atendiendo al tipo de procedimiento utilizado. En este artículo, presentamos una serie de aportaciones sobre el proceso de síntesis para mejorar el desarrollo de modelos computacionales. Estas aportaciones se han extraído de un análisis experimental aplicando un modelo para el análisis del protocolo. Los resultados obtenidos indican la conveniencia de considerar procedimientos de los tres tipos de modelos computacionales simultáneamente

Integration of Cost andWork Breakdown Structures in the Management of Construction Projects

Scope management allows project managers to react when a project underperforms regarding schedule, budget, and/or quality at the execution stage. Scope management can also minimize project changes and budget omissions, as well as improve the accuracy of project cost estimates and risk responses. For scope management to be effective, though, it needs to rely on a robust work breakdown structure (WBS). A robust WBS hierarchically and faithfully reflects all project tasks and work packages so that projects are easier to manage. If done properly, the WBS also allows meeting the project objectives while delivering the project on time, on budget, and with the required quality. This paper analyzes whether the integration of a cost breakdown structure (CBS) can lead to the generation of more robust WBSs in construction projects. Over the last years, some international organizations have standardized and harmonized different cost classification systems (e.g., ISO 12006-2, ISO 81346-12, OmniClass, CoClass, UniClass). These cost databases have also been introduced into building information modeling (BIM) frameworks. We hypothesize that in BIM environments, if these CBSs are used to generate the project WBS, several advantages are gained such as sharper project definition. This enhanced project definition reduces project contradictions at both planning and execution stages, anticipates potential schedule and budget deviations, improves resource allocation, and overall it allows a better response to potential project risks. The hypothesis that the use of CBSs can generate more robust WBSs is tested by the response analysis of a questionnaire survey distributed among construction practitioners and project managers. By means of structural equation modeling (SEM), the correlation (agreement) and perception differences between two 250-respondent subsamples (technical project staff vs. project management staff) are also discussed. Results of this research support the use of CBSs by construction professionals as a basis to generate WBSs for enhanced project management (PM)

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Adelante / Endavant

Séptimo desafío por la erradicación de la violencia contra las mujeres del Institut Universitari d’Estudis Feministes i de Gènere "Purificación Escribano" de la Universitat Jaume

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

EL PROYECTO. DISEÑO EN INGENIERÍA

El Proyecto. Diseño en Ingeniería es un libro que contiene los aspectos fundamentales de la Teoría del Proyecto y sus aplicaciones en su concepción más moderna. Con un arranque en la definición del concepto del Proyecto y una visión sobre lo que representaba el Proyecto Tradicional el texto se adentra en la exposición de una Teoría del Proyecto (Teoría de las Dimensiones) que sirve de base para el desarrollo del resto del libro que dedica un capítulo a cada una de las seis dimensiones del Proyecto: Los Factores, El Proceso, Las Fases, El Metaproyecto, Las Técnicas y Los Instrumentos. La concepción del Proyecto como Ciencia de la Creación de lo Artificial hace posible salir de las líneas clásicas de la mayoría de las publicaciones sobre este tema, ampliando el campo de aplicación y permitiendo una visión global del Proyecto. PARA LATINOAMÉRICA, COEDITADO POR EL GRUPO ALFAOMEGA.Gómez-Senent Martínez, E. (1997). EL PROYECTO. DISEÑO EN INGENIERÍA. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/64987EDITORIA

Nicolau Primitiu Gómez Serrano : una aproximació bibliogràfica

Índices